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Administrative Boundaries USA

by Uli Bethke

Uli has been rocking the data world since 2001. As the Co-founder of Sonra, the data liberation company, he’s on a mission to set data free. Uli doesn’t just talk the talk—he writes the books, leads the communities, and takes the stage as a conference speaker.

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Published on December 20, 2021
Updated on November 20, 2024

Overview

The dataset Administrative Boundaries USA contains border information as polygons about the following divisions of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Island areas (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the United States Virgin Islands) of the United States.

States
Counties
Zip Code Tabulation Areas
County Subdivisions
Census Tracts
Block Groups
CBSA(Core-Based Statistical Area)

Apart from the geographic boundary information as polygons, the data set also includes attributes such as total land area, total water area, FIPS codes and much more. Please refer to the data dictionary further down in this document.

The data set is based on the TIGER/Line Shapefiles from the US Census Bureau. These are extracts of selected geographic and cartographic information from the Census Bureau’s Master Address File (MAF)/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) Database (MTDB).

Data Sources

The data is based on the census.gov 2020 TIGER Geo Data.

STATE

In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its sovereignty with the federal government.

COUNTY

Counties and equivalent entities are primary legal divisions of states. In most states, these entities are termed “counties.” Alaska and the Census Bureau cooperatively delineate these census areas for statistical purposes. In four states (Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia), there are one or more incorporated places that are independent of any county organization and thus constitute primary divisions of their states. These incorporated places are also known as independent cities. The Census Bureau treats the following entities as equivalents of counties for purposes of data presentation:

Place	Entity
Alaska	Organized Borough
Alaska (census areas)	Unorganized Borough
District of Columbia	–
Louisiana	Parishes
Maryland	Independent Cities
Missouri	Independent Cities
Nevada	Independent Cities
Virginia	Independent Cities
Puerto Rico	Municipios
American Samoa	Districts and Islands
Guam	–
Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands	Municipalities
U.S. Virgin Islands	Islands

Each county or statistically equivalent entity has a 3-character FIPS code that is unique within a state, and an 8-character ANSI code.

The 2020 TIGER/Line Shapefiles reflect available governmental unit boundaries of the counties and equivalent entities as of January 1, 2019.

County Subdivisions

County subdivisions are the primary divisions of counties and their equivalent entities for the reporting of decennial census data (e.g., census county divisions, census subareas, minor civil divisions, and unorganized territories). County subdivisions may represent legal or statistical entities. The data set contains a 5-character FIPS code field for county subdivisions and an 8-character GNIS code.

Census Tracts

Data Source: https://www3.census.gov/geo/tiger/TIGER2020/TRACT/

Census tracts are small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county or equivalent entity, and are reviewed and updated by local participants prior to each decennial census as part of the Census Bureau’s PSAP. The Census Bureau updates census tracts in situations where no local participant existed or where local or tribal governments declined to participate. The primary purpose of census tracts is to provide a stable set of geographic units for the presentation of decennial census data.

Census tracts generally have a population size of 1,200 to 8,000 people with an optimum size of 4,000 people. The spatial size of census tracts varies widely depending on the density of settlement. Ideally, census tract boundaries remain stable over time to facilitate statistical comparisons from census to census. However, physical changes in street patterns caused by highway construction, new development, and so forth, may require boundary revisions. In addition, significant changes in population may result in splitting or combining census tracts.

Census tract boundaries generally follow visible and identifiable features. Census tract boundaries may follow legal boundaries (e.g., MCD or incorporated place boundaries in some states to allow for census tract-to-governmental unit relationships where the governmental boundaries tend to remain unchanged between censuses). State and county boundaries always are census tract boundaries in the standard census geographic hierarchy.

In a few rare instances, a census tract may consist of noncontiguous areas. These noncontiguous areas may occur where the census tracts are coextensive with all or parts of legal entities that are themselves noncontiguous.

Census Tract Codes and Numbers

Census tract numbers have up to a 4-character basic number and may have an optional 2-character suffix:

For example: 1457.02

The census tract numbers (used as names) eliminate any leading zeros and append a suffix only if required. The 6-digit census tract codes, however, include leading zeros and have an implied decimal point for the suffix. Census tract codes (000100 to 998999) are unique within a county or equivalent area.

The Census Bureau assigned a census tract code of 9900 to represent census tracts delineated to cover large bodies of water. In addition, census tract codes in the 9400s represent American Indian Areas and codes in the 9800s represent special land use areas.

The Census Bureau uses suffixes to help identify census tract changes for comparison purposes. Local participants have an opportunity to review the existing census tracts before each census. If local participants split a census tract, the split parts usually retain the basic number, but receive different suffixes. In a few counties, local participants request major changes to, and renumbering of, the census tracts. Changes to individual census tract boundaries usually do not result in census tract numbering changes.

Relationship to Other Geographic Entities

Within the standard census geographic hierarchy, census tracts never cross state or county boundaries, but may cross the boundaries of county subdivisions, places, urban areas, voting districts, congressional districts, and AIANNH areas.

Census Tract Numbers and Codes:

• 000100 to 939999 – Basic number range for census tracts

• 940000 to 949999 – American Indian Areas

• 950000 to 979999 – Basic number range for census tracts

• 980000 to 989999 – Special land use areas

• 990000 to 990099 – Basic number range for census tracts in water areas 4-24

• 990100 to 998900 – Basic number range for census tracts

Block Groups

Standard block groups are clusters of blocks within the same census tract that have the same first digit of their 4-character census block number (e.g., Blocks 3001, 3002, 3003 to 3999 in census tract 1210.02 belong to block group 3). Current block groups do not always maintain these same block numbers to block group relationships due to boundary and feature changes that occur throughout the decade. For example, block 3001 might move due to a change in the census tract boundary. Even if the block is no longer in block group 3, the block number (3001) will not change. However, the GEOID for that block, identifying block group 3, would remain the same in the attribute information in the TIGER/Line shapefiles because block GEOIDs are always built using the decennial geographic codes.

Block groups delineated for the 2020 Census generally contain 600 to 3,000 people. Local participants delineated most block groups as part of the Census Bureau’s PSAP. The Census Bureau delineated block groups only where a local or tribal government declined to participate or where the Census Bureau could not identify a potential local participant.

A block group usually covers a contiguous area. Each census tract contains one or more block groups and block groups have unique numbers within the census tract. Within the standard census geographic hierarchy, block groups never cross county or census tract boundaries, but may cross the boundaries of county subdivisions, places, urban areas, voting districts, congressional districts, and AIANNH areas.

Block groups have a valid range of zero (0) through nine (9). Block groups beginning with a zero generally are in coastal and Great Lakes water and territorial seas. Rather than extending a census tract boundary into the Great Lakes or out to the 3-mile territorial sea limit, the Census Bureau delineated some census tract boundaries along the shoreline or just offshore.

ZIP Code Tabulation Areas

ZCTAs are approximate area representations of U.S. Postal Service (USPS) 5-digit ZIP Code service areas that the Census Bureau creates using census blocks to present statistical data from censuses and surveys. The Census Bureau defines ZCTAs by allocating each block that contains addresses to a single ZIP Code tabulation area, usually to the ZCTA that reflects the most frequently occurring ZIP Code for the addresses within that block. Blocks that do not contain addresses but that are completely surrounded by a single ZIP Code tabulation area (enclaves) are assigned to the surrounding ZCTA; those surrounded by multiple ZCTAs will be added to a single ZCTA based on the longest shared border. The Census Bureau identifies ZCTAs using a 5-character code that represents the most frequently occurring USPS ZIP Code within that ZCTA. This code may contain leading zeros. Users should not use ZCTAs to identify the official USPS ZIP Code for mail delivery. The USPS makes periodic changes to ZIP Codes to support more efficient mail delivery. ZIP Codes that cover primarily nonresidential or post office box addresses may not have a corresponding ZCTA because the delineation process uses primarily residential addresses, resulting in a bias towards ZIP Codes used for city-style mail delivery.

CBSA(Core-Based Statistical Area)

A core-based statistical area (CBSA) is a U.S.A geographic area defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that consists of one or more counties (or equivalents) anchored by an urban center of at least 10,000 people plus adjacent counties that are socioeconomically tied to the urban center by commuting. Areas defined on the basis of these standards applied to Census 2000 data were announced by OMB in June 2003. These standards are used to replace the definitions of metropolitan areas that were defined in 1990. The OMB released new standards based on the 2010 Census on July 15, 2015. The term “CBSA” refers collectively to both metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan areas. Micropolitan areas are based on Census Bureau-defined urban clusters of at least 10,000 and fewer than 50,000 people.

Data Dictionary

TL_2020_US_STATE

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
REGION	TEXT	Current region code
DIVISION	TEXT	Current division code
STATEFP	TEXT	Current state FIPS code
STATENS	TEXT	ANSI feature code for the state or equivalent entity
GEOID	TEXT	State identifier; state FIPS code
STUSPS	TEXT	Current United States Postal Service state abbreviation
NAME	TEXT	Current state name
LSAD	TEXT	Current legal/statistical area description code for state
MTFCC	TEXT	MAF/TIGER Feature Class Code (G4000) COMMENT
FUNCSTAT	TEXT	Current functional status
ALAND	NUMBER	Current land area
AWATER	NUMBER	Current water area
INTPTLAT	TEXT	Current latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON	TEXT	Current longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

TL_2020_US_COUNTY

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
STATEFP	TEXT	Current state FIPS code
COUNTYFP	TEXT	Current county FIPS code
COUNTYNS	TEXT	ANSI feature code for the county or equivalent feature
GEOID	TEXT	County identifier; a concatenation of Current state FIPS code and county FIPS code
NAME	TEXT	Current county name
NAMELSAD	TEXT	Current name and the translated legal/statistical area description for county
LSAD	TEXT	Current legal/statistical area description code for county
CLASSFP	TEXT	Current FIPS class code
MTFCC	TEXT	MAF/TIGER Feature Class Code (G4020)
CSAFP	TEXT	Current combined statistical area code
CBSAFP	TEXT	Current metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area code
METDIVFP	TEXT	Current metropolitan division code
FUNCSTAT	TEXT	Current functional status
ALAND	NUMBER	Current land area
AWATER	NUMBER	Current water area
INTPTLAT	TEXT	Current latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON	TEXT	Current longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

TL_2020_US_COUSUB

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
STATEFP	TEXT	Current state FIPS code
COUNTYFP	TEXT	Current county FIPS code
COUSUBFP	TEXT	Current county subdivision FIPS code
COUSUBNS	TEXT	ANSI feature code for the county subdivision
GEOID	TEXT	County subdivision identifier; a concatenation of current state FIPS code, county FIPS code, and county subdivision FIPS code
NAME	TEXT	Current county subdivision name
NAMELSAD	TEXT	Current name and the translated legal/statistical area description code for county subdivision
LSAD	TEXT	Current legal/statistical area description code for county subdivision
CLASSFP	TEXT	Current FIPS class code
MTFCC	TEXT	MAF/TIGER Feature Class Code (G4040)
CNECTAFP	TEXT	Current combined New England city and town area code
NECTAFP	TEXT	Current New England city and town area code
NCTADVFP	TEXT	Current New England city and town area division code
FUNCSTAT	TEXT	String Current functional status
ALAND	NUMBER	Current land area
AWATER	NUMBER	Current water area
INTPTLAT	TEXT	Current latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON	TEXT	Current longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

TL_2020_US_TRACT

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
STATEFP	TEXT	Current state FIPS code
COUNTYFP	TEXT	Current county FIPS code
TRACTCE	TEXT	Current census tract code
GEOID	TEXT	Census tract identifier; a concatenation of Current state FIPS code, county FIPS code, and census tract code
NAME	TEXT	Current census tract name, this is the census tract code converted to an integer or integer with 2-decimals if the last two characters of the code are not both zeros.
NAMELSAD	TEXT	Current translated legal/statistical area description and the census tract name
MTFCC	TEXT	MAF/TIGER Feature Class Code (G5020)
FUNCSTAT	TEXT	Current functional status
ALAND	NUMBER	Current land area
AWATER	NUMBER	Current water area
INTPTLAT	TEXT	Current latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON	TEXT	Current longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

TL_2020_US_BG

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
STATEFP	TEXT	Current state FIPS code
COUNTYFP	TEXT	Current county FIPS code
TRACTCE	TEXT	Current census tract code
BLKGRPCE	TEXT	Current block group number
GEOID	TEXT	Census block group identifier; a concatenation of the current state FIPS code, county FIPS code, census tract code, and block group number.
NAMELSAD	TEXT	Current translated legal/statistical area description and the block group number
MTFCC	TEXT	MAF/TIGER Feature Class Code (G5030)
FUNCSTAT	TEXT	Current functional status
ALAND	NUMBER	Current land area
AWATER	NUMBER	Current water area
INTPTLAT	TEXT	Current latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON	TEXT	Current longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

TL_2020_US_ZCTA520

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
ZCTA5CE20	TEXT	2020 Census 5-digit ZIP Code Tabulation Area code
GEOID20	TEXT	2020 Census 5-digit ZIP Code Tabulation Area code
CLASSFP20	TEXT	2020 Census FIPS 55 class code
MTFCC20	TEXT	MAF/TIGER Feature Class Code (G6350)
FUNCSTAT20	TEXT	2020 Census functional status
ALAND20	NUMBER	2020 Census land area
AWATER20	NUMBER	2020 Census water area
INTPTLAT20	TEXT	2020 Census latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON20	TEXT	2020 Census longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

TL_2020_US_CBSA : Metropolitan Statistical Area/Micropolitan Statistical Area (CBSA)

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
CSAFP	STRING	Current combined statistical area code, if applicable
CBSAFP	STRING	Current metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area code
GEOID	STRING	Metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area identifier, metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area code
NAME	STRING	Current metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area name
NAMELSAD	STRING	Current name and the translated legal/statistical area description for metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area
LSAD	STRING	Current legal/statistical area description code for metropolitan statistical area/micropolitan statistical area
MEMI	STRING	Current metropolitan/micropolitan status indicator
MTFCC	STRING	MAF/TIGER feature class code (G3110)
ALAND	NUMBER	Current land area
AWATER	NUMBER	Current water area
INTPTLAT	STRING	Current latitude of the internal point
INTPTLON	STRING	Current longitude of the internal point
GEOMETRY	GEOGRAPHY	Geographical Boundaries

Crosswalk table

The crosswalk table holds the hierarchy of the geographic entities as well as can be used to find the parent child relationship among them.

COLUMN_NAME	DATA_TYPE	DESCRIPTION
GEOID	TEXT	GEOIDs are numeric codes that uniquely identify all administrative/legal and statistical geographic areas for which the Census Bureau tabulates data
NAME	TEXT	Geographic area name
GEO_TYPE_CD	TEXT	Geographic area type code
GEO_TYPE	TEXT	Geographic area type
HIERARCHY_LEVEL	NUMBER	Hierarchy level
PARENT1_GEOID	TEXT	GEOID of parent 1 entity
PARENT1_NAME	TEXT	Name of parent 1 entity
PARENT2_GEOID	TEXT	GEOID of parent 2 entity(present only for a few ZCTAs when it crosses the boundary of more than one state)
PARENT2_NAME	TEXT	GEOID of parent 2 entity(present only for a few ZCTAs when it crosses the boundary of more than one state)
PARENT3_GEOID	TEXT	GEOID of parent 3 entity(present only for a few ZCTAs when it crosses the boundary of more than one state)
PARENT3_NAME	TEXT	Name of parent 3 entity(present only for a few ZCTAs when it crosses the boundary of more than one state)
PARENT4_GEOID	TEXT	GEOID of parent 4 entity(present only for a few ZCTAs when it crosses the boundary of more than one state)
PARENT4_NAME	TEXT	Name of parent 4 entity(present only for a few ZCTAs when it crosses the boundary of more than one state)

Usage

Get land area, water area and geographic boundaries of all US states

SELECT
  STATEFP,
  GEOID,
  NAME,
  ALAND,
  AWATER,
  GEOMETRY
FROM
  TL_2020_US_STATE;

SELECT

STATEFP,

GEOID,

NAME,

ALAND,

AWATER,

GEOMETRY

FROM

TL_2020_US_STATE;

Get the Census tract hierarchy for the state ‘Georgia’

WITH RECURSIVE CTE1 AS
(
SELECT
  NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,
  GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,
  GEOID,
  GEO_TYPE,
  HIERARCHY_LEVEL
FROM
  CROSSWALK
WHERE GEO_TYPE ILIKE 'STATE' AND NAME ILIKE 'GEORGIA'
UNION ALL
SELECT
  HIERARCHY_NAME || ' --&gt; ' || CW.NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,
  HIERARCHY_GEOID || ' --&gt; ' || CW.GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,
  CW.GEOID,
  CW.GEO_TYPE,
  CTE1.HIERARCHY_LEVEL + 1
FROM
  CROSSWALK CW
JOIN CTE1
  ON CTE1.GEOID = CW.PARENT1_GEOID
  AND CW.GEO_TYPE IN ('County','Census Tract')
)

SELECT
*
FROM
  CTE1
WHERE GEO_TYPE = 'Census Tract';

WITH RECURSIVE CTE1 AS

(

SELECT

NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,

GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,

GEOID,

GEO_TYPE,

HIERARCHY_LEVEL

FROM

CROSSWALK

WHERE GEO_TYPE ILIKE 'STATE' AND NAME ILIKE 'GEORGIA'

UNION ALL

SELECT

HIERARCHY_NAME || ' --> ' || CW.NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,

HIERARCHY_GEOID || ' --> ' || CW.GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,

CW.GEOID,

CW.GEO_TYPE,

CTE1.HIERARCHY_LEVEL + 1

FROM

CROSSWALK CW

JOIN CTE1

ON CTE1.GEOID = CW.PARENT1_GEOID

AND CW.GEO_TYPE IN ('County','Census Tract')

)

SELECT

FROM

CTE1

WHERE GEO_TYPE = 'Census Tract';

Get the County Subdivision hierarchy for the place ‘Grand Canyon National Park‘

WITH RECURSIVE CTE1 AS
(
SELECT
  NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,
  GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,
  GEOID,
  PARENT1_GEOID,
  PARENT1_NAME
FROM
  CROSSWALK
WHERE GEO_TYPE IN
  ('County Subdivision')
  UNION ALL
  SELECT
  HIERARCHY_NAME || ' --&gt; ' || CW.NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,
  HIERARCHY_GEOID || ' --&gt; ' || CW.GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,
  CTE1.GEOID,
  CW.PARENT1_GEOID,
  CW.PARENT1_NAME
  FROM
  CROSSWALK CW
  JOIN
  CTE1
  ON CW.GEOID = CTE1.PARENT1_GEOID
  AND CW.NAME = CTE1.PARENT1_NAME
  )
  
SELECT 
  HIERARCHY_NAME,
  HIERARCHY_GEOID
FROM
  CTE1
where GEOID IN
-- Get the GEOID of the County Subdivision of Grand Canyon
  (
  SELECT
  GEOID
  FROM
  TL_2020_US_COUSUB CS
  WHERE
  ST_CONTAINS(GEOMETRY, TO_GEOGRAPHY('POINT(-113.125092 36.056595)'))
  )
  AND PARENT1_GEOID IS NULL;

WITH RECURSIVE CTE1 AS

(

SELECT

NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,

GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,

GEOID,

PARENT1_GEOID,

PARENT1_NAME

FROM

CROSSWALK

WHERE GEO_TYPE IN

('County Subdivision')

UNION ALL

SELECT

HIERARCHY_NAME || ' --> ' || CW.NAME AS HIERARCHY_NAME,

HIERARCHY_GEOID || ' --> ' || CW.GEOID AS HIERARCHY_GEOID,

CTE1.GEOID,

CW.PARENT1_GEOID,

CW.PARENT1_NAME

FROM

CROSSWALK CW

JOIN

CTE1

ON CW.GEOID = CTE1.PARENT1_GEOID

AND CW.NAME = CTE1.PARENT1_NAME

)

SELECT

HIERARCHY_NAME,

HIERARCHY_GEOID

FROM

CTE1

where GEOID IN

-- Get the GEOID of the County Subdivision of Grand Canyon

(

SELECT

GEOID

FROM

TL_2020_US_COUSUB CS

WHERE

ST_CONTAINS(GEOMETRY, TO_GEOGRAPHY('POINT(-113.125092 36.056595)'))

)

AND PARENT1_GEOID IS NULL;

We are offering various GEO datasets. You can find our offering here:

About the author:

Uli Bethke

Co-founder of Sonra

Any questions or comments for Uli? Connect with him on LinkedIn.

Follow Uli Bethke:

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SQL Visualisation Guide - Query Diagrams, Lineage & ERD

SQL Visualisation Guide - Query Diagrams, Lineage & ERD

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Administrative Boundaries USA

Overview

Data Sources

STATE

COUNTY

County Subdivisions

Census Tracts

Block Groups

ZIP Code Tabulation Areas

CBSA(Core-Based Statistical Area)

Data Dictionary

TL_2020_US_STATE

TL_2020_US_COUNTY

TL_2020_US_COUSUB

TL_2020_US_TRACT

TL_2020_US_BG

TL_2020_US_ZCTA520

TL_2020_US_CBSA : Metropolitan Statistical Area/Micropolitan Statistical Area (CBSA)

Crosswalk table

Usage

Get land area, water area and geographic boundaries of all US states

Get the Census tract hierarchy for the state ‘Georgia’

Get the County Subdivision hierarchy for the place ‘Grand Canyon National Park‘

Uli Bethke

Administrative Boundaries USA

Overview

Data Sources

STATE

COUNTY

County Subdivisions

Census Tracts

Block Groups

ZIP Code Tabulation Areas

CBSA(Core-Based Statistical Area)

Data Dictionary

TL_2020_US_STATE

TL_2020_US_COUNTY

TL_2020_US_COUSUB

TL_2020_US_TRACT

TL_2020_US_BG

TL_2020_US_ZCTA520

TL_2020_US_CBSA : Metropolitan Statistical Area/Micropolitan Statistical Area (CBSA)

Crosswalk table

Usage

Get land area, water area and geographic boundaries of all US states

Get the Census tract hierarchy for the state ‘Georgia’

Get the County Subdivision hierarchy for the place ‘Grand Canyon National Park‘

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